The Market Rejection of Battery Electric Vehicles.
     The battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) market has reached its peak and some say it is in decline. There is a growing sentiment that there will not be a market transformation into BEVs despite politicians spending trillions of dollars of public money to force it. The companies that only make BEVs may have no future unless they abandon the BEV market, or make them truly user-friendly. Tesla ended 2023 with a reported 88,009 unsold BEVs, and its stock price dropped by over 65%. Over 30 BEV makers in the West and hundreds more in China went out of business leaving tens of thousands of unsold vehicles. Even dealerships and banks are still being affected as tens of thousands of BEVs gather dust on sales lots. EV prices dropped, production lines shut down, and thousands of workers were sent home.

People Want A Viable Choice!
     Political interference in the Automotive market reached the breaking point when governments recently began making laws to eventually give the world's electric grids a total monopoly over motive power. Both the automotive sector and its loyal clients detest governments forcing BEV on them. (see image 2) Recently the US Congress responded to this growing discontent by passing a bill (H.R. 1435) preventing California and other American states from passing or enforcing regulations that “directly or indirectly limit the sale or use of new motor vehicles with internal combustion engines.”
https://youtu.be/DluuB-avK9I?si=3PuaQTr5D6X197C_

Why BEVs Are Losing Market Share: 
  • BEV's limited range causes stressful "Range Anxiety"!
  • Insurance companies report that BEVs are involved in 50% more accidents; and can be a fire hazard if their batteries are damaged. This is reflected in their higher insurance rates.
  • BEV owners suffer from 79 percent more reliability issues than fueled cars. https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/ 
  • BEV's heavy batteries make them handle poorly, resulting in more crashes.
  • BEVs can't stop as fast in an emergency due to their weight. 60-0 mph Tesla = 152 ft. BMW 331i = 100 ft. (data from, Tesla Consumer Report, BMW Edmunds)
  • BEVs cause the emission of larger amounts of CO2 as well as toxic and cancer-causing emissions than ICE cars.
  • BEVs have up to twice the tire wear of ICE cars. Tests by Emissions Analytics, found tires produce about 2,000 times more particle pollution by mass than tailpipes.
  • BEV's computer interface causes driver distraction and accidents.
  • BEVs have a low resale value. Fortune Magazine's website recently noted, "No one wants to buy used EVs and they’re piling up in weed-infested graveyards."
Kamtech RE Can Fix These Issues.
     Kamtech's RE Technology is more environmentally friendly than any other EV technology. It can also solve the many issues with current EVs and better fulfill the needs and wants of the automotive market than any other alternative. Its widespread adoption can not only effectively lower the CO2 emissions of society but even more importantly, Kamtech's RE can make more efficient use of the commodity that has become the foundation of modern life and pulled billions of people out of poverty, petroleum.
Kamtech's Core Technology  
   Kamtech's Range Extender fulfills 100% of the electricity needs of an electric vehicle.  Unlike hybrid EVs Kamtech does not use a large "off-the-shelf" IC engine.  Kamtech gets its power from a smaller engine that is specifically designed to match the average kWh needs of the EV it's designed for.     

Kamtech RE-powered BEVs:
  • Give owners the freedom to travel without range anxiety! 
  • Maintain a comfortable interior temperature without range worries.
  • Have a much lower cost per km.
  • Can be refueled at any existing petrol station. 
  • Eliminate the time spent searching for a charging station and the long wait to recharge!
  • Reduce vehicle cost by up to 35%!
  • Reduce the deadly emissions caused by the world's electric grids!
  • Reduce the CO2/km by 30-50% compared to grid electricity! 
  • Eliminate society's need to build thousands of new polluting power plants and perhaps millions of new charging stations! (There are about 2,500 coal plants currently on line.)
  • Lower the cost per km of travel, while preserving the road tax infrastructure.  (BEVs pay no road tax.)
  • Eliminates the distribution, transformer, and charging losses inherent in grid power!
  • Reduces the charging and discharging losses typical in BEVs by sending electricity directly to the drive train and/or battery!
  • Eliminate the need for taxpayer-funded subsidies for rich buyers of BEVs!
  • Reduce service time and maintenance cost!
Smooth, Quiet, Efficient, and Compact
    The Kamtech engine is a cam-driven 2-stroke multi-cylinder radial with perfect balance Its piston dynamic makes it both quiet and more efficient.  Its 8-cylinder configuration produces eight times more combustion events per rotation than a four-cylinder. The team's 4th US prototype produced 45 kWh, weighed just 25 Kg, and was close to 50% efficient.  Kamtech RE's design is based on a scaled-down version of this basic design. (Slide 3)   All these features make a Kamtech REEV a much better fit for the automotive market than any BEV, hybrid, or ICE-powered vehicle. 

Kamtech's Range Extender Is A Break-Out Technology For EVs!
      Kamtech’s Range Extender is very small and yet very powerful.   It's also quiet, smooth and ultra efficient.   This allows it to be easily integrated into several new vehicle designs, which will fit the lifestyles of all market segments.  Its use allows for the elimination of 80% of an EVs battery size and weight.  This feature allow designers to place it and other components in response to performance, function, or style. This also gives vehicle designers the freedom to design much safer vehicles.  A well designed Kamtech RE EV can be more balanced, weigh less, have a shorter emergency stopping distance, and handle far better, than BEVs, HEVs, PHEVs, or ICE vehicles. It is a game changer for the EV market!
Lie #1 "EVs are Zero Emission Vehicles!"  
    Perhaps one of the reasons the car buying public is starting to resist buying EV is the massive amount of lies that have been used in marketing them.  The first lie and perhaps the greatest lie about Electric Vehicles was told by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) when they called EVs  "Zero-Emission Vehicles"!  In 1990, California passed laws demanding the development of Electric Vehicles.  The commercial development of EVs was to take a few more decades despite close to a billion dollars of tax monies being gifted to many politically connected corporations over the next three decades.    

Inspiration Needed To Make EVs Road Ready.
   At the time the best example of an Electric Vehicle was the humble golf cart that was used on private lands.  One of the first moves was the 1995 taxpayer grant of about 300 million USD in today's money, to General Motors Corporation to build just 600 BEVs.  That's about half a million for each BEV.  After a few years of public use, they were all destroyed. Not a good start!  https://www.businessinsider.com/gm-ev1-history-2016-3

The Political Class Saw The Need to Organize.
    By 2008 massive amounts of money were flowing between the politicians and a few developers of EV.  One EV entrepreneur was destined to become richer than half the countries in the world.  In 2015 to better organize several international, state, and provincial government regulators and lawmakers to manage the gifting of tax monies, and receipt of lobbying monies the “International Zero Emission Vehicle” Alliance (ZEV Alliance) was formed.  Their noble-sounding goal "to accelerate society's transition to 100% 'zero-emission vehicle' sales".  https://theicct.org/international-zero-emission-vehicle-alliance/ The only losers have been the world's taxpayers and electric ratepayers.  (See slide 1)

Organized To Advertise A Lie.
     T
hen a few years ago, several EV makers and their support industries joined forces with several large Electric Utilities Corporations and formed a lobbying group called "Zero Emission Transportation Association" or ZETA.   The goals of this wealthy lobbying group were threefold.  1. Seek out massive government subsidies and tax breaks for their members, and 2. Get large taxpayer subsidies for the buyers, and builders of BEVs. 3. Eventually get a legal monopoly that would force all vehicle owners to be permanently plugged into their utility members' large smoke-belching Electric plants.  (See slide 2)  See https://www.zeta2030.org/  To achieve these goals ZETA started pouring millions of dollars into, the pockets of media influencers, and the world's political leaders.   Their main propaganda tool was the lie that BEVs produce "Zero Emissions" when they are made or driven!  However, this is a lie of the first order!  Several independent studies have concluded that BEVs are responsible for far more CO2 as well as millions of tons of water vapor and several deadly chemicals being emitted into Earth's atmosphere than comparable-sized ICE vehicles.  (see slide 3)

Kamtech RE Has Lower Emissions From Start to End Of Life
    Kamtech's RE technology, when used to power a REEV will emit far lower CO2/km than any BEV, ICE, or hybrid.  Slide 3 clearly shows this.  The greenest line on the graph is the one added to illustrate the lifetime CO2 emissions of a Kamtech REEV.  
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1E8SQde5rk&t=692s
Lie #2 "BEVs Are 85-90% Efficient!" 
   heat engine's efficiency (e) is determined by the ratio of the total amount of heat energy fed into the heat engine (Q) divided by the amount of work (W) coming out of the engine during a set period or cycle.  (e=Wout/Qin)  For example, when one kg of petrol is burned or oxidized   13.1 kWh of energy is released.  However, friction, heat losses, phase change of the fuel, and partial burning of the carbon into CO rather than CO2 and other endothermic processes cause losses so most internal combustion engines are limited to having outputs of only about 3.3 kWh or less of mechanical energy.   So 3.3/13.1 kWh means an efficiency of about 25%.  Kamtech's Engine has a thermal efficiency of over 45% efficiency.

BEVs are NOT Super Efficient?
    Many Government rating agencies and EV manufacturers often represent "Zero Emission Vehicles" as being over 85% efficient.   This is marketing lie number two! To make an accurate and honest measurement of any electric vehicle's "thermal efficiency" you must start the "Cycle" with an accurate measurement of the heat energy (Q) contained in the fuel that needs to be converted into work.   This process takes place at an electric generating plant with the burning of coal, natural gas, or petroleum by the power plant's heat engine, which is normally a steam engine, or gas turbine. About 65% of this heat energy is lost to the environment as heat.    Other losses are caused by the transmission of energy to the charging station and eventually into the BEV's battery and wheels. Several studies have shown that the true efficiency of a BEV is about the same as an ICE vehicle, around 20%.  See slide 2

It Gets Worse in Hot Or Cold Weather!
    However, if the vehicle interior is either heated or cooled or other losses to operate various accessories are considered then the typical BEV's true efficiency is far lower than the efficiency of either hybrids or many ICE vehicles.

What If The CO2 Emission Of Making The Battery Pack Are Included?
    A study sponsored by the Government of Sweden* reported on page 27 that each kWh of battery capacity caused over 250 kg of CO2 to be emitted during the mining process of raw materials and their manufacture of just the BEV's battery pack.  This means a new BEV with a 100 kWh battery pack has caused over 25 metric tons of CO2 to be emitted into the atmosphere before it leaves the factory.  This study clearly demonstrates that the lifetime emissions of CO2 are far greater for a BEV than for a comparable ICE vehicle.  *https://www.ivl.se/download/18.34244ba71728fcb3f3fa2f/1591705755278/C243.pdf 

The Half Ton Of Batteries Lower BEVs Thermal Efficiency And Safety!
    BEV's massive battery pack's weight requires significantly more energy to overcome the tires' increased roll resistance and the battery's inertial load when accelerating.  A BEV’s half-ton battery load makes them far harder to handle and requires more distance to stop in an emergency. Insurance companies have long noted that BEVs are involved in more accidents than ICE cars, which is reflected in BEV's higher insurance costs.

Kamtech RE Makes For A Safer EV 
    An EV designed around the Kamtech's Range Extender can be 500 to 800 kg. lighter. Frame, suspension, brake, and chassis components don’t need to be the size of a half-ton pickup. This results in lower manufacturing costs.   Their lower weight improves their handling and emergency stopping distance.

Fuel Is Super Compact Power
    The energy in most fuels is significantly lighter than a BEV's massive battery back. For example, just 16 kg of petrol is needed for the Kamtech RE to generate 100 kWh of energy.  This is an energy density of 6,250 Wh/kg. 

A 100 kWh Battery Pack Cannot Be Fully Used
    Tesla's 100 kWh battery pack weighs 625 kg, which gives it an energy density of 160 Wh/kg, or almost 40 times greater than fuel.  Also, the energy in fuel can all be used. Most EV makers demand that an EV seldom be charged to 100% they strongly suggest charging to just 80% and never be discharged to 0% they suggest discharging to 20%.   The fine print in Tesla's warranty says, "If you allow the Battery to discharge to 0%, and it results in damage to the BEV you are responsible for repair and/or transport expenses. Discharge-related expenses are not covered by the warranty or under the Roadside Assistance policy. " 

Kamtech RE is far cleaner and healthier than grid power!
Just 20% of the world's final energy consumption is in the form of electricity, but the generation of that electricity is responsible for over 40% of all energy-related emissions. What are these emissions from the world's electric grid?  For starters there is as much as 1.1 kg of CO2/kWh, there are also gases containing mercury, lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon particulates, and various other heavy metals, these are serious health hazards. 

    Worldwide electric grid emissions which come from burning fossil fuels total about 34 billion tonnes (Gt) per year. About 45% of this is from coal, about 35% from oil, and about 20% from gas. Yes, emissions from an electric plant are far more unhealthy than emissions from a car with a catalytic converter.  It should also be noted that the world's cars and vans account for a mere 10 percent of global CO₂ emissions.  (see statista)

Kamtech RE generates far cleaner energy than the world's grid. No black smoke, no cancer-causing chemicals, and less than 0.2 kg of CO2/kWh, and the EV can use virtually 100% of the generated electrical energy because it is on board and there are no transmission, transformer, or AC/DC conversion losses. But even more significant is the high thermal efficiency of the Rad Cam engine.

Lie # 3 "CO2 Is Deadly To Life On Earth!"
    For the last six decades, the "Climate Industrial Complex" has documented an increase of 1 CO2 molecule in 10,000 molecules of air.  Based on this somewhat questionable data thousands of members of the "Climate Industrial Complex" have become very wealthy getting Government grants while preaching the Earth will soon become unlivable for humans, therefore governments must outlaw fueled vehicles.

Is CO2 Going To Doom Earth?
    On the other side of this argument are thousands of biologists who have noted that if greenhouse CO2 content gets below 1 molecule per 6,000 molecules of air plants die, and without plants, Earth would become a dead planet!  
 https://essopenarchive.org/users/459592/articles/608417-we-are-in-a-co2-drought-not-much-time-left-for-life-on-planet-earth 

The World's Top Climate Experts Exposed for Fabricating Data!
    In the fall of 2009 several of the world's leading "Climate Experts" were caught up in the famous "Climategate" scandal.  The scandal involved hundreds of hacked email messages between some of the richest and most outspoken leaders of the so-called "Climate Industrial Complex".  These emails clearly revealed that these developers of thousands of data points for historic CO2 levels had conspired to fake massive amounts of their  "historic" temperature and CO2 data to fit their claims that atmospheric CO2 was historically very low.  These historic estimates were shaped from examining the tree rings of a few bristlecone and foxtail pines trees in the Western United States, and a few other locations.  Biologists note that tree ring width normally indicates the amount of water a tree receives not its temperature.   Any temperature of CO2 data history based on the tree ring width from a few trees in one or two areas would be about as meaningful as reading tea leaves.  
https://www.perc.org/2010/06/09/the-case-against-the-hockey-stick/

Water Vapor Is A Far More Active Greenhouse Gas 
   paper by Ahilleas Maurellis and Jonathan Tennyson, cited below, called water vapor "the most vital molecule in our atmosphere, yet it is rarely discussed. Indeed, water barely rates a mention in the hundreds of pages of the 2001 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."  Why are water vapor and clouds not considered in any Climate Models, when water molecules are frequently 100 times more plentiful in the world's atmosphere and have a far greater greenhouse effect than CO2?    Could it be a fear of offending the commercial sector that pumps billions of tons of water vapor into Earth's atmosphere every day, the world's electric utilities?  This same sector adds 70% of the heat energy used to power their massive heat engines directly into Earth's atmosphere, directly causing global warming.  (Thermal Pollution)    https://jvarekamp.web.wesleyan.edu/CO2/359%20CC%2008/PWMAY03.pdf
https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/watervapor01.htm 

Driving BEVs Increases Deadly Gases In Earth's Atmosphere.
   When BEVs recharge from the grid they become directly responsible for emitting not just CO2 but several cancer-causing gasses, and caustic acids, produced by the grid's large steam or gas turbine heat engines.
This is not a significant issue with internal combustion-powered vehicles.
What motivates regulators and lawmakers to want to force people into BEVs against their will when their energy source is so damaging to people's health and the climate?  Clearly, the most dangerous "Climate Feedback loop" is the one that moves trillions of dollars coming out of the pockets of taxpayers into the pockets of members of the Climate Industrial Complex.

BEVs Greatest Emissions Of CO2 Happens When They're Made!
     In 2017, a Swedish government study looked at how much CO2 is emitted by the making of BEV battery packs of different sizes. The study found that the extraction, transportation, and production of EV batteries released between 254 kg and 270 kg of CO2/kWh into the planet's atmosphere.  A BEV with a 100 kWh battery is responsible for more CO2 emissions than 10,000 liters of gasoline before it leaves the factory.   This is equivalent to the fuel used to drive a Toyota Camry well over 80,000 km. see:   https://www.energimyndigheten.se/globalassets/forskning--innovation/transporter/c243-the-life-cycle-energy-consumption-and-co2-emissions-from-lithium-ion-batteries-.pdf  A Kamtech REEV would be responsible for a fraction of the CO2 emitted by a BEV, and less water vapor.  Kamtech also uses Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition which allows for very lean burn, at lower temperatures.  See Exhibit section.
Policies Based On Lies Benefit Only The Rich!
     A great King once observed, "Making a fortune through a lying tongue is a vanishing mist, a pursuit of death."  (Jewish King Solomon in Proverbs) Today a growing number of people are rejecting the predictions of doom put forth by the politically funded "Climate Industrial Complex".    

Sorry Chicken Little But The Sky Is Not Falling!
   The catastrophic temperature increase forecast "Climate Experts" is one degree C by the year 2300. That's less than your body temperature increases after a brisk 20-minute walk.  The whole catastrophic "Climate Change" theory is a hoax perpetrated by the self-serving government-funded "Climate Industrial Complex".  It's time to question the motives of these false prophets of doom!

Many Political Leaders Are Now Understanding The Fraud!
     American politician, C. Paul Smith recently chronicled the inside story of how the world's most powerful politicians have enriched themselves and increased their power over people by supporting what he calls the "Climate Change Hoax".  For over six decades politicians and members of the Climate Industrial Complex have shown their duplicitous motives by revealing their long-term plans to eventually grant a total monopoly to the world's electric companies and outlaw fuel-powered vehicles, a move similar to what they did in the late 19th Century, when under the authority of law they destroyed tens of thousands of rural families private power generating systems forcing them to buy electricity from local power companies who had secured a "Legal Monopoly".  As noted on page one laws are in the works to stop the outlawing of ICE vehicles, thereby protecting people's freedom to choose what will power their cars.
  
The CIC Blocks Reports About CO2 Benefits?
    The "Climate Industrial Complex" uses pressure or belittles anyone who publishes any positive news about the real benefits of this 1/10,000 increase in CO2.  In 2017 the US Space Administration, NASA even reported that in the last 35 years, over 5 million square Km of deserts have greened up allowing farming to advance into these former dry areas.  "Studies have shown that increased concentrations of carbon dioxide increase photosynthesis, spurring plant growth." https://www.nasa.gov/technology/carbon-dioxide-fertilization-greening-earth-study-finds/

The Market Place Is Changing.
    Many legacy car makers have lost billions on their BEV models and have closed their production lines or planned to abandon the market.  Hybrids have a larger market share than BEV cars and now account for more than 30% of the market.  A Kamtech REEV is even cleaner, cheaper, and more efficient than hybrids or any other type of drive train.



The Visionaries Behind The Concept    
    In 1982 Professor Antoni Oppenheim, of the University of California coauthored an SAE paper with J. Douglas Dale University of Alberta entitled "A Rationale for Advances in the Technology of IC Engines, (SAE #820047) Professor Oppenheim had made outstanding contributions towards advancing mankind's knowledge of combustion and especially the dynamics of explosions and reactive systems. Though retired he continued doing research at the University of California until he died.  This 1982 paper noted that the mechanics of the Internal Combustion Engine, which was first patented in 1861, had reached its peak of development by the end of the 1960s. In the 1970s the auto industry was confronted with two issues, pollution, and high fuel costs.  

The Industry Chooses  Band-Aid Fixes
    What was the auto industry's response to these two issues? The whole sector chose a band-aid approach. In the mid-1970s many countries made laws mandating the use of catalytic converters to finish burning unburned fuel that were needed to keep the engine parts from melting. However, the added back-pressure they caused lowered thermal efficiency. Then in an attempt to compensate for the standard engine’s flawed mechanical design, the industry added computer controls and lowered compression ratios.

The Internal Combustion Engine Concept Needed A Totally New Design!
    Oppenheim and Dale's 1982 paper argued that far more needed to be done to fix the systemic flaws of the typical 4-stroke Otto cycle heat engine. The paper challenged the industry to radically improve the basic mechanical design of the ICE concept to provide a more favorable environment for the combustion process and the extraction of mechanical energy from the combustion process. They outlined the goal of such a new engine design as, (1) minimizing pollutant emissions, (2) maximizing engine efficiency, and (3) optimizing tolerance to a wider variety of fuels.

The Internal Combustion Engine Concept Has Far Greater Potential!
    The paper also recognized that the IC engine concept was a far superior power source for vehicles because of the concept’s inherent potential for greater efficiency, compactness, and its fuel's high energy density when compared to batteries.  There is 13.1 kWh of energy in a kg of gasoline while only about .17 kWh of energy can be stored in a kg of batteries.

Who Will Take Up The Challenge?
    In the early 1990s, Jim Duncalf, owned a small machine shop and engineering firm with clients in the computer chip industry and the local Toyota plant.  Duncalf was a long-time energy conservation advocate who had spent five years on the speaker's bureau of the Illinois Department of Energy.  He was the grandson of an Engineer who got his degree when steam engines were the main power source for society.   In 1991 while doing research to improve a client's cam-driven manufacturing machine at the West Coast Patent Library, Duncalf came across twenty-some old patents for cam-based engines.

Silicon Valley's Most Famous Pioneer Had The Same Vision! 
     After studying the patents Duncalf became fascinated with the concept especially when he learned of other successful engines that had been made in the late 1920s. One backed by Sherman Fairchild, whose company made the world's first semiconductor, and was considered the father of Silicon Valley had produced several extremely robust cam-centered engines for the US Navy. Fairchild's cam engine the 447-C was the first engine to successfully complete the US Navy's type certificate process, being awarded engine ATC No. 1 on June 1, 1928.  Duncalf reasoned that ATM's new computer-controlled (CNC) milling machines could now do a much better job making an engine than Fairchild's cam engines which were made with manually controlled milling machines and lathes.  See Caminez

Duncalf Faced Lots Of Discouraging Words!
     For several months Duncalf's discussion with other engineers about designing a modern version of a cam engine was met with extreme negativity. Finally, an engineer acquaintance at California's Laurence Livermore Lab set up a meeting with Professor Oppenheim. On that very first meeting, Professor Oppenheim was extremely positive about the concept as a way to improve the basic design of the ICE concept.  He quickly agreed to give his assistance and guidance in Duncalf's design efforts. Oppenheim explained the challenge he and his associate had made to the automotive sector outlined in his 1982 SAE paper and gave Duncalf a copy of the paper, along with several other articles on other engine designs. He also explained why the engine should be configured as a 2-stroke. Several brainstorming sessions later Duncalf filed his his first of many patents on the concept.

 The Team Went Down Many Dead Ends.
    Like the development of any new technical concept, trial, and error guided the team toward the most practical design as dead-end concepts were tried and abandoned.  Any new technology involves the invention of both the final product and the invention of the manufacturing and assembling process. The process of this self-funded development was destined to take years.
    American writer Mark Twain once said "It ain't what you don't know that gets you in trouble.  It's what you know for sure that just ain't so."  This is especially so in the case of what even well-educated engineers know about how IC engines work.  Often what they know is based on an “idealized” p-V diagrams, like the one shown here from NASA.  While useful as a teaching aid on the function of the IC engine they are a “fundamentally incorrect oversimplification”. However, a critical examination of this theoretical ideal can give us at least three clues as to how we can vastly improve the IC engine concept. 
    1. This Ideal depiction of how an IC engine works shows the combustion process as a “constant volume process”.  But this would require the piston to instantly stop at TDC so the volume would remain constant while the flame front moves through the chamber.  However, this would cause the piston to collide with Newton's First law of inertia and would cause lots of things to break. 
    It just ain’t so that combustion is a constant volume process.  However, Professor Oppenheim explained that increasing the dwell time after ignition giving combustion time to burn through the A/F charge would significantly increase thermal efficiency.  He also suggested using homogenous charge compression ignition would also improve thermal efficiency.

    2. Most p-V diagrams show the power stroke as an “adiabatic process”.(No heat loss)  That would be ideal because the concept of an IC engine is to turn the expansion of the hot A/F after combustion into work.  But, that too just ain’t so.  If the heat of combustion did not make the engine hot it would collide with the second law of thermodynamics, which in its most understandable wording states “Heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions of matter.” If none of the heat of combustion was lost during the power stroke there would be no need for a cooling system and more of the heat’s energy could be converted into work.  Professor Oppenheim correctly points out that heat loss to a cooling system could be vastly reduced with more suitable materials than aluminum which needs to be cooled to just over 200 C, or it loses its strength.   The combustion chambers of all IC engines have to contain a flame front which is over 2.000 C, but aluminum melts at just 660 C, big ouchie!  Thankfully aluminum is good at moving heat into the cooling medium because it has a thermal conductivity of 237 W/m K.   We found a better material, 304 stainless steel, which has a working temperature of over 700 C and a thermal conductivity of just 16.2 W/m-K, which is 15 times more insulative than aluminum.  It's like putting on that insulated jacket to slow your heat loss.  
    Another advantage of 304 SS is carbon will not condense on it and it is very reflective of radian heat.  Another nice advantage of 304 is the combustion temperature if HCCI is used is only about 600 C, not a problem for 304 liners.  This lower temperature of combustion also eliminates the danger of igniting the nitrogen into NOx.  

    3. Many p-V diagrams also depict heat rejection with a line that is 50% the length of the combustion line, suggesting 50% efficiency.  This too just ain’t so.  Most Otto cycle engines reject 75% or more of the heat energy of combustion through friction, cooling, and exhaust.  However, Professor Oppenheim argued that if the flame front method of combustion were to be replaced by Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition, or HCCI.  He also consulted with the design team regarding other improvements so that the IC concept’s efficiency could be vastly improved.  Electronic control of HCCI is an area where we need technical help.   

   In his books “Dynamics of Combustion Systems,” and “Combustion in Piston Engines”.  Professor Oppenheim outlined the importance of electronic controls to manage combustion if HCCI is to be successful.  He also predicted that HCCI would never work outside the lab in any 4-stroke engine. So far 20 years later that is still true.  The ideal environment for a well-managed HCCI would be in a 2-stroke with chamber expansion dynamics which closely match the dynamics of combustion and surface temperatures hot enough to prevent the quenching of the combustion event. 

A more ideal Dynamic.
The last image is a graph of the Rad Cam’s piston or expansion dynamic as compared to that of a crank-driven engine.  The piston does not stop at TDC its dynamic is closer to the ideal of allowing combustion to be a “constant volume process” than a crank-driven piston.  This is illustrated by the piston dynamic graph.  The red and pink acceleration line show the crank pulling the piston away from TDC at over 200% of the acceleration rate of the cam.  This acceleration rate diminishes to the cam’s rate at 46 degrees.  At just 75 degrees, its acceleration reverses when the piston reaches its terminal velocity and starts to slow.  In contrast, the Rad Cam piston reaches its terminal velocity at 90 degrees or mid-stroke and then starts to slow at the same acceleration rate. 
The blue position lines on the same graph further illustrate this point.  For example, when the crank rotates just 45 degrees the piston has descended 30% of the stroke.  This means that the top 45-degree sweep post-TDC of the volume has increased by 30%.  This is not even close to the ideal.
However, the same relative rotation Rad Cam’s piston moves it just 7.5% of its stroke.  This means that the top 45-degree sweep post TDC of the volume has increased by only 7.5%.  This is 400% closer to the ideal of making combustion a “constant volume process”.


It Took A Decade Of Design Work.  
    After almost a decade of brainstorming sessions, design, and component testing finally, in 2001 Duncalf produced two different dynamic/assembly prototypes to test the robustness of lower-end and experiment with assembly methods. The cam profile and retaining system had to withstand all the inertial forces while operating at running speeds.  The first design had several flaws but it did prove that the basic design could withstand at least the inertial forces of a running engine.  However, Duncalf quickly realized that he had reached the limit of his skill, expertise, and knowledge of actually building working prototypes.  It was time to look for help.  That help came with the signing of a license in 2001 with Mark Beierly owner of Earthstar Aircraft in Santa Margarita, California, USA.

A New Player Brings New Perspectives And Success. 
    Beierly vision for the design was to build aircraft engines. However, Duncalf's vision was to provide a mobile power-generating system for Electric Vehicles that would be far more efficient, cleaner, and emit a fraction of the CO2 and none of the more toxic substances produced by the world’s mostly coal and natural gas-powered electric grid.  Out of this new association came many new ideas that would lead to better designs.
The resulting design work resulted in these and other patents.
US Patent US5553574A 1995 Duncalf
US Patent US6691648B2 2002 Beierly
World Patent WO2014/107628A1 2014 Duncalf
World Patent WO2016/0230556 2016 Duncalf and Agent
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 More Patents And Success.
     The early development team included two consultants, Professor Oppenheim, and Henry Yunick, and two engine builders, Jim Duncalf and the staff of Advance Technologies Machine who built the first 2 dynamic test designs, in 2001.  Later that year Mark Beierle, of Earthstar Aircraft and his staff joined the team to add his improvements to the concept.  Earthstar Aircraft financed and built the next 3 working prototypes.  They were successful beyond belief.  They showed clearly that the Radial Cam concept could raise thermal efficiency very close to 50%.  The longer dwell time on both ends of the stroke allowed time for more of the heat to be converted into work and the exhaust temperatures were so low (450 C) that one of the prototypes used an aluminum exhaust manifold.  While the team felt very vindicated by this success Professor Oppenheim warned that there might be some political opposition ahead, based on the governments strong anti-ICE engine stand that they were taking against the auto industry.  He told us of a few life experiences he had of powerful political opposition that derailed promising technologies, blocking their commercialization with threats, fines and even lies about the technologies.    

Powerful Political Interests Not Happy
    Oppenheim's words rang true very quickly.  Within a year of publishing the Rad-Cam's development, political pressure began against Duncalf and Beierly.  https://www.ultraligero.net/Descargas/Manuales/Rad_Cam/R_8600.htm The threats were implied at first but eventually became intense.  Eventually, heavy government fines were levied which were framed as tax violations.  

The Development Team Got a Lesson on America's Two-Tiered Justice System
The message was made clear to both Duncalf and Beierly.   The heavily lobbied political class wanted to see the internal combustion engine eventually outlawed, and they did not want to see any improvements made to the technology.  It became clear that the same rules did not apply to the owners of the massive coal-fired or natural gas-fired heat engines that pump millions of tons of pollution into the atmosphere while making power for the electric grid and the growing number of EVs.  Billions of tax dollars were being gifted to the owners of America's electric grid and several companies that make electric vehicles.    https://www.deseret.com/2000/4/22/19503215/gore-urges-demise-of-combustion-engine/ 

Follow The Money!
       Many of the world's politicians have been swayed to enforce the wishes of the rich owners of the world's electric grid.  This sector's lobbyists spend millions of dollars each year to make sure their interests are given priority in laws and regulations.  This politically powerful sector has a long-term plan to get a total legal monopoly to provide all the motive power to society.  This was a déjà vu moment for Duncalf.  In the mid-1970s he faced opposition against his solar-powered technology from a local power company that wanted to exert its monopoly rights.  He was not alone in this fight which came to a head when the US passed the "Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978".  This Law broke the previous monopolies held by the large electric utility companies. In 1935 Duncalf's father had his parent's windmill/battery electric system destroyed under an 1880 Utility monopoly law that did not permit farms or private people to generate electric power once a monopoly was given to a territory.

Development Halted For Years
    Beierly left the development team fearful of continued problems with regulators.  He sold his business but remains on as its manager and designer. His new direction was to develop battery-electric powered aircraft.  For several years the EV/electric grid lobby group ZETA has openly published its goal, which is stated with this note "by 2030 every car sold in the United States must be an electric car", so eventually every vehicle owner will have to buy energy from the Electric Grid.

 Forced Compliance Brings Postpones Development
     It took Duncalf 6 years to pay off the fines levied but in 2009 he moved to Florida and quietly started working on the concept again. In mid-May of 2011 Duncalf posted this video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFYlx-rxWgM Shortly there after a 30k fine was again demanded from Duncalf if he continued his work on his ICE concept.  Finally tired of fighting in 2013, under the advise of his attorney Duncalf changed his DBA to Kamtech SA and left the US to continue his work to further develop the RE concept, under an agreement with his patent agent and shareholder of a Vietnamese Company. After working with the Vietnamese company for fourteen months, the company failed to produce any parts to the required specs. This led to the filling of the last patents.  

The Design Is Finally Ready For Prime Time
    Over the next few years, Duncalf and his new associate, Pham Duy Tung self-funded one more engine to test the dynamics of the redesigned lower end. The lower end proved to be robust, other changes such as the use of a carbon piston were not successful.  The last design work was to develop an improved thermal management system.  Once again it is clear that Kamtech needs to recruit a larger company that has the infrastructure, ability, and desire to finally put this revolutionary engine design to work for society.

The Team Needs Your Help.
    Duncalf and Pham are now seeking a partner to bring to market the Kamtech RE.   Kamtech's thermal efficiency is what makes it a significant technological breakthrough that will advance electric vehicle design making them truly "user-friendly".



Help Make The World Better!

Lots of time and money have been invested by several academicians, engine designers, machinists, and mechanics to translate this important technology into a working model only to be caught between the desire of the market and the authority of a well-lobbied political class. After many failed attempts over several years and 6 prototypes, the Radial-Cam engine was slowly perfected. Now this important technology is beyond the ability of the team to fund or commercialize. For this reason, we are ready to hand the project over to a qualified partner. We think the time is finally right to form a partnership with one of the struggling makers of BEVs here in Asia. The Kamtech REEV concept can be installed into a potential partner's vehicle's design to produce the perfect balance of low emission, long-range, and higher marketability than any other type of drive system. It will also make the world a better place for people of all nations.

The Future Belongs to the Innovators

The first manufacturer that partners with us will be granted a paid-up licensee to use technology in any product they manufacture. As the technology becomes mainstream there will be lots of opportunities to share in the sublicensing of the technology to other sectors and manufacturing firms. Keep in mind that there will be lots of work to do to get this design into a production-ready unit. We need a firm that has that ability. There is not only the opportunity to license the Kamtech RE itself but also the opportunity to become an OEM supplier of units, parts, technical know-how, training, and several other profit centers that normally arise with any new technology. This is a radical new technology so international advancement is also a strong possibility...

Looking for Strong Backing!

Kamtech's founders learned some hard lessons in the past about the power of government and the even stronger power of a free market, which seems to finally winning against the strict market interference in the automotive sector. These lessons have made it clear that Kamtech's team needs to find a partner that is strong financially, and strong-willed to deal with the enormous political power of the "Climate Industrial Complex". The potential partner must be eager and willing to advance their market share. Many Builders of EVs fit that bill. Kamtech's technology will make any partner's EVs the most user-friendly vehicle in the marketplace. If you would like success in the BEV market place we can bring you that. If you think your company qualifies please give us a call at 84-79-478-1600. Thanks, to the Kamtech design team, Phạm Duy Tùng and Jim Duncalf...

As outlined above in the early 1990s UC Berkeley Professor Antony K. Oppenheim, offered to assist mechanical engineer Jim Duncalf who owned a small engineering firm, Advance Machine Technologies in designing a more efficient internal combustion engine based on cam-actuated pistons.

    To help solve some of the project's many mechanical issues, Duncalf consulted with the famous retired mechanic Smokey Yunic.  Once the mechanics of the cam system were proven to be sufficiently robust the team was joined by engineer Mark Beierle of Earth Star Aircraft Company.  Mark was responsible for several design changes and built and tested three fully operational prototypes.  Many years later Duncalf moved to Vietnam and eventually was joined by Pham Duy Tung to assist in building the last prototype and design the final RE design.   The sixth prototype was to test the most recent design changes and new materials.  This test prototype was built in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Kamtech SA is a dba of the two remaining principals.

    The current design has also had significant design input from Professor Huynh Thanh Cong, who teaches Internal Combustion Engine technology, at the Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology.

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